The two main functions of oily cutting fluids used in machining
发布时间：2022年07月07日 12:02
The two main functions of oily cutting fluids:
1. Cooling effect
2. Lubricating effect
Common oil-based cutting fluids can be divided into two main categories: one is primarily a cooling water solution, and the other is primarily a lubricating oil.
Aqueous solutions primarily focused on cooling are typically emulsions, similar to milk as seen in factories. They are used in rough machining to enhance the effectiveness of cooling techniques, thereby improving machining performance and extending tool life. Oil-based cutting fluids, which prioritize lubrication—such as total-loss system hydraulic oils, kerosene, oleic acid, and rapeseed oil—are designed to maximize lubricating effects, ensure the surface roughness of machined materials, and reduce tool wear costs.
There are cutting fluids with oil-based formulations designed for high-speed operations as well as those intended for low-speed applications. The Total Loss Management System uses an oil-based cutting fluid of this type—specifically, one that’s economical and suited for low-speed machining. For example, when manually tapping threads, the Total Loss Management System’s engineered oil is used as a cutting fluid. It’s worth noting that when using oils from the Total Loss Management System, if the temperature rises significantly above 250°C, their cooling and lubricating mechanisms become less effective than those of water.
Cutting operations on machine tools are performed under high temperature and high pressure conditions, so cutting fluids containing extreme-pressure additives must be used under these same high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. So what exactly is an extreme-pressure additive? An extreme-pressure additive is a substance that maintains lubrication even under high temperatures and high pressures. Common polar components include sulfur, chlorine, molybdenum disulfide, oleic acid, and graphite. By adding such polar extreme-pressure additives to oil-based cutting fluids, we obtain cutting fluids suitable for use at high temperatures.
Currently, in China, there is insufficient awareness of the importance of oil-based cutting fluids, and these fluids are not being fully utilized. In many machining applications, oil-based cutting fluids play a role that is just as critical as the cutting tool itself—neither can be dispensed with. From a cooling perspective, the current situation with oil-based cutting fluids is this: when machining parts on CNC milling centers and CNC machining centers, the flow rate of cutting fluid is significantly higher than that used on conventional lathes. This high flow rate effectively removes a large amount of heat, greatly improving the cooling environment for the cutting tool and enabling the tool to operate at much higher speeds.
The flow rate of oil-based cutting fluids used in conventional lathes is relatively low, and the cooling environment is relatively poor. Therefore, these lathes can only operate at relatively low spindle speeds for cutting. If a high-flow cutting fluid were used for cooling on a conventional lathe, it would cause the cutting fluid to splash, so it is generally not recommended.
From a lubrication perspective, many machinists tend to overlook the role of oil-based cutting fluids, focusing instead solely on the tool itself—and even more specifically, on the tool’s cutting angle. During machining, they pay little attention to cooling and lubrication, causing the tools to wear out rapidly within a very short period. As a result, the tools require frequent re-sharpening, leading to accelerated wear and reduced tool life. For more information on oil-based cutting oils, please visit Qingjie.
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